Cosmic Zoom (A Scientific Visualization of our Universe)
Instructor: Garry T. Stasiuk
There is no assigned text book, but at the end of this outline are some books for suggested reading.
Before We Begin our Journey
What is Science?
What is a Theory?
Testing an Hypothesis
The Scientific Method
The paradigm
The scientific creed
Cosmogony ---Study of the contents of the Universe
A: Overview ---A Grand Tour of the Universe
i.
Emphasis how our view (Paradigm) has changed with improvement in
Technology ---new facts + new knowledge = new
paradigm.
ii.
Any theory of the creation of the Universe must be able to explain
everything we see. eg) why is ALMOST everything WE HAVE
SEEN IS HEAVILY cratered?
Catalogue of Contents:
The Solar System
Contents
Planets
Terrestrial
- Largest Earth 7,927 Miles IN DIAMETER
Gas
Giants -Largest Jupiter 88,700 Miles in Diameter
Moons
Solid
Ice
Asteroids
Comets
Sun
Yellow Dwarf
Distance
Measured in Millions/Billions of Miles
Venus
25 million miles (closest)
Pluto
3 billion 664 million miles
The Nearest/farthest Star -- Naked eye
Proxima Centauri
Distance measured in Light Years 4.17
4.17 years in the past
The farthest star visible to the naked eye iota scorpii 3500 ly
Smallest --Jupiter sized (Dwarfs)
Largest-- solar system sized (Super Giants)
Interstellar Gas & Dust
The Nebulae
found
in spiral arms 10's of thousands ly in diameter.
Farthest object visible to the naked eye
GSC's -
M-4 -distance 9,100 LY
NGC 7006 -distance 160,000 LY
contain
equivalent of 60,000 to 6,000,000 sun's
Size 60 - 300 LY in diameter
Magellanic Clouds
Large 170,000 LY
30,000 LY in diameter
Small 190,000 LY
25,000 LY in diameter
The Great Galaxy Andromeda
2,200,000
LY (150,000 LY in Diameter (bigger than Milky Way))
The Local Group
21 galaxies (most are dwarfs)
Galactic Clusters
We are part of the Virgo Cluster
Center is 64 million LY from Milky Way
Aproximately 1000 known clusters
Closest Virgo Cluster
65
million LY
farthest Hydra
3.3
billion LY
Largest Galaxy in a cluster
Virgo
elliptical
- 400,000 LY in Diameter
Contains
500 billion suns
The Super Clusters
Clusters of clusters
Long
filaments of Galaxies how long or far back in spacetime still a mystery.
Coma Cluster
30 million ly across
spans
200 million ly of space
Hercules super cluster
330
Million LY Long center 700 million light years distant
Cosmic Voids
The volume between the super clusters
Up to 300 million ly deep.
Largest
suspected void in North polar sky
30 x 1024 cubic ly
The quasars (Caveat)
Either Gravitational red shift
or Cosmological red shift
Distances
range from 3 to 12 billion LY
Edge of the Observable Universe
12 - 20 billion ly
Current
accepted value 13.7 Billion LY
What do we know about the contents -Pieces of the Puzzle
Inventory
Sun (star)
Planets
Moons, asteroids, and comets
Stars
dwarfs
Main sequence
Sub-Giants
Giants
Super Giants
Nebulae
Star clusters
Open
GSC's
Galaxies
Spirals,
Lenticular
Elliptical
Irregular
Galactic Clusters
Super Clusters
Galactic Voids
Quasars
The Sun as a star
Stable (yellow dwarf)
The H-R Diagram
Y-axis
Magnitude
Brightness (Luminosity)
X-Axis
Spectral Type
Surface Temperature
Colour
Evolution of a 1 solar Mass Star (the Sun)
Nebula
T-Tauri
Main Sequence
Red Giant
Nova
White Dwarf (C-N-O)
Evolution of a 5 - 8 solar mass star
Star explodes (fusion stops at C-N-O)
No remnant
Evolution of a 8 - 80 solar mass star (Super Giant)
Shell detonation
blows off envelope
leaves
collapsed core (does the collapse go on for ever?)
path C -> Ne -> Si, Fe (stops at Fe)
End Points
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M< 1.4 SolarM
M> .7 SolarM
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Galactic Evolution
From Quasar to Galaxy?
Quasar
N-Types
Seyferts
Normals
The Mobius demo
The Ginzberg Equation 1 = 10
Developing a Cosmology
Mythology
Ancient Mythologies
All cultures develop a cosmology...
Newton's Universe
Space and Time
Gravity is Force acting at a distance
Einstein Gravity is curved space.
Universal Laws
Generalized Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Developed Universal Law of Gravitation
F= G * Mm/r*r
Geometry = Motion
self evident truth?
Euclid, Lobachevski
Euclid
3 angles of a triangle = 180 degrees
5th
axiom? line through point of a line // to line.
C=2Pir
0 Curvature
Lobachevsky
1826
3 angles less than 180 degrees
2
or more lines // through point outside line.
negative curvature
Infinite
C>2PIr
-Potato Chip
Riemann
no
line through point is // to other line
angles
of a triangle more than 180 degrees
great circles aren't infinite
Finite (no boundaries)
C<2PIr --Orange peel
Einstein's Universe ----Thought Experiments
The Special Theory of Relativity (All Motion is Relative)
Speed of Light is Constant.
Motion Relative to observer
Imagine
that all that exists is Box A, Box B and you the outside observer. A
approcahes B at 1/2 C, B approaches A at 1/2 C... What do you see.
Who is right? 3 different frames of reference.
Lorentz contraction -Time dilation
Space & Time =
Space-Time
E = mc2
The Principle of Equivalence
Gravity = Acceleration
In Box -Falling in 1 g or in Orbit
In Box -Sitting on Earth or accelerating at 1 g
=>gravity distorts our view of the universe.
The General Theory of Relativity
Shift in the perihelion of a planet. Mercury
Light
is red shifted in a strong G field. White Dwarf
Light
is deflected by a gravitational field.
Eclipse
The Black Hole
The Space-Time Diagram
Frozen Star
Rotating Black Hole
Evaporating Black Hole
The Quantum Universe
A Quark for Mister Muster
The Quantum Family
Quantum Puzzles
Cosmology
Big Bang
Steady State
Paradigm Shift
The Chaotic Universe
Closed vs Open
Linear vs. Non-Linear.
STRING and other theories
A Suggested Reading List Check them out at your local library!
A: A Brief History Of Time
The Universe in a Nutshell
From the Big bang to Black Holes
by Stephen Hawking
B: The Planets DVD or VHS (BBC production)
E: The Red Limit (Or other books by)
by Timothy Ferris
F:
Universe by Robert Dinwiddie, Philip Eales, David Hughes, Ian
Nicholson, Ian Ridpath, Giles Sparrow, Pam Spence, Carole Stott, Kevin
Tildsley, Martin Rees
G: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe (Hardcover)
by Ian Ridpath (Foreword), Sir Martin Rees (Editor)
H:
What's Out There : Images from Here to the Edge of the Universe by
Stephen Hawking (Foreword), Mary K. Baumann, Will Hopkins, Loralee
Nolletti, Michael Soluri
I:
The Stargazer's Guide to the Universe : A Complete Visual Guide to
Interpreting the Cosmos (Hardcover)
by Robin Kerrod
J:
The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest
for the Ultimate Theory Brian
Greene / Paperback / Random House Adult Trade
Publishing Group / February 2000
Magazines
A: Sky & Telescope
Sky Publishing Corp
PO Box 9111
Belmont, MA 02178 9918
$24.00
/year
B: Astronomy Magazine
2. Kalmbach Publishing
21027 Cross Roads Circle
Waukesha, WI 51387
$24.00 / Year
C: Science News
3. Subscription Dept
231 West Center St
Marion, OH 43305
$34.50 / year
D: Discover
4. Discover
PO Box 420105
Palm Coast, FL 32142
$36.00 / year
Videos
A: The Astronomers (PBS Series)
B: Carl Sagan's, Cosmos (PBS Series) (Science Channel)
C; The Elegant Universe
Science Fiction
A: Earth By David Brin Published by Bantam Specta Books
B: Forward, Robert Dragon's Egg. 1981, Ballantine. Sequel is called Starquake 1985.